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Line 73  This is the official manual for the Free Line 73  This is the official manual for the Free
 * Global Aliasing::                     Defining alternate names for globals.  * Global Aliasing::                     Defining alternate names for globals.
 * Global Mappings::                     Mapping global names to non-default namespaces.  * Global Mappings::                     Mapping global names to non-default namespaces.
   
 * Transaction Processing::              Transactions in FreeM.  
 * Asynchronous Event Handling::         Handling asynchronous events in FreeM.  * Asynchronous Event Handling::         Handling asynchronous events in FreeM.
 * Global Triggers::                     Responding to global accesses in M code.  * Global Triggers::                     Responding to global accesses in M code.
 * Synchronous Event Handling::          Synchronous events in FreeM.  * Synchronous Event Handling::          Synchronous events in FreeM.
Line 4428  See @ref{Classes}. Line 4427  See @ref{Classes}.
 @cindex variables, global  @cindex variables, global
 @cindex data  @cindex data
   
   FreeM supports typical M globals, which are often described as persistent, hierachical sparse arrays. Globals make it relatively simple to include persistent data in an application without requiring the developer to use an external database management system, and offer syntax and semantics so similar to M local variables and structured system variables that moving from one to the other is seamless.
   
   Each global comprises three elements:
   
   @itemize @bullet
   @item
   An alphabetic name beginning with a caret (@code{^}) or a caret and a percent sign (@code{^%})
   @item
   Optionally, one or more comma-delimited subscripts, enclosed in parentheses
   @item
   A value of up to 255 characters in length
   @end itemize
   
   The percent sign will force the named global into the @code{SYSTEM} namespace of the current FreeM environment.
   
   @node Creating Globals
   @section Creating Globals
   @cindex globals, creating
   
   To create a global, you can use the @code{SET} command:
   
   @example
   SET ^MYGLOBAL("foo","bar")="this is the data value"
   @end example
   
   @node Removing Globals
   @section Removing Globals
   @cindex globals, removing
   
   To remove an entire global, you can use the @code{KILL} command with the unsubscripted name of the global:
   
   @example
   KILL ^MYGLOBAL
   @end example
   
   If you only want to remove part of a global, i.e., beginning at a certain subscript level, use the @code{KILL} command with a subscripted name:
   
   @example
   KILL ^MYGLOBAL("foo")
   @end example
   
   This will remove only the @code{"foo"} subscript and all of its children.
   
   If you only want to remove the data value at a specific subscript level, leaving the subscript itself intact, use @code{KVALUE}:
   
   @example
   KVALUE ^MYGLOBAL("foo")
   @end example
   
   @node Global Storage
   @section Global Storage
   @cindex globals, storage
   
   FreeM globals are stored in @code{$PREFIX/var/freem/@emph{<environment-name>}/@emph{<namespace-name>}/globals} in a binary format.
   
   Global files have a header of the following format:
   
   @verbatim
   typedef struct global_header {
       
       char magic[5]; /* FRMGL */
       int format_version;
       char host_triplet[40];
       char host_id[256];
       
       unsigned long block_size;
       unsigned long last_transaction_id;
   
       long created;
       long last_backup;
       
   } global_header;
   @end verbatim
   
 @node Concurrency Control  @node Concurrency Control
 @chapter Concurrency Control  @chapter Concurrency Control
 @cindex concurrency control  @cindex concurrency control
 @cindex locking  @cindex locking
 @cindex transaction processing  @cindex transaction processing
   
   Multitasking, multi-user FreeM applications must concern themselves with concurrent access to globals in order to maintain logical consistency and prevent concurrent writes from interleaving.
   
   In FreeM, there are two mechanisms provided for managing concurrent global access: advisory locks, and transaction processing.
   
   @node Transaction Processing
   @section Transaction Processing
   @cindex transaction processing
   
   FreeM implements a significant subset of the transaction processing features from @emph{ANSI X11.1-1995}. This allows a series of global operations to be conducted all at once, either in batch mode (where concurrency is not disturbed), or in serial mode (where writes are guaranteed to be atomic, consistent, isolated, and durable).
   
   @subsection Theory of Operation
   
   FreeM uses a pessimistic concurrency control mechanism for @code{SERIAL} transactions, meaning that any @code{TSTART} command that includes the @code{SERIAL} transaction parameter will cause the process to acquire the transaction processing mutex, which prevents any process but the one holding the mutex from performing any data access (read or write) until either @code{TCOMMIT} or @code{TROLLBACK} is called, either committing or rolling back the transaction, respectively.
   
   Any transaction in between its @code{TSTART} and @code{TCOMMIT}/@code{TROLLBACK} is said to be @emph{in-flight}. During the in-flight stage, pending global operations are held only in memory and after-image journals.
   
   FreeM maintains a list of all globals affected during a transaction in-flight. When a @code{TCOMMIT} is reached, FreeM will generate a @emph{checkpoint} of each global data file to be changed by the transaction. These checkpoints allow all FreeM globals to be restored to their pre-transaction state if a @code{TCOMMIT} should fail part of the way through its operation. 
   
   Checkpoints can have one of two modes:
   
   @table @asis
   
   @item @code{CP_REMOVE}
   Used for globals that did not exist prior to the beginning of this transaction. Simply marks the entire global data file for deletion in case of @code{TCOMMIT} failure.
   
   @item @code{CP_RESTORE}
   Used for globals that @emph{did} exist prior to the beginning of this transaction. In this case, the entire global data file is copied to a new file with a @code{.chk} extension. In cases of @code{TCOMMIT} failure, @code{CP_RESTORE} checkpoint files will be restored over the partially-modified live data file.
   
   @end table
   
   The below example shows a few global operations and checkpoints for a transaction in-flight using the @code{trantab} direct-mode command:
   
   @verbatim
   TL1:DEFAULT.USER> trantab
    $TLEVEL 1*
     Operations for Transaction ID: 6ea14aad-b8f1-47f9-9f52-4f513f892bc0 [RESTARTABLE SERIAL]
   
      OP. NO.   ACTION         KEY/DATA
      -------   ------         --------
      1         SET            ^FOO=3
      2         KILL           ^FOO
      3         SET            ^snw=10
      4         SET            ^BRANDNEW=6
   
     Global checkpoints:
   
      GLOBAL                        MODE                FILES
      ------                        ----                -----
      ^BRANDNEW                     CP_REMOVE           IN:   /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^BRANDNEW
      ^snw                          CP_RESTORE          IN:   /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^snw
                                                        OUT:  /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^snw.23390.1.chk
      ^FOO                          CP_RESTORE          IN:   /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^FOO
                                                        OUT:  /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^FOO.23390.1.chk
   @end verbatim
   
   In the above example, @code{IN} files are the live data file that will be overwritten or removed, and @code{OUT} files are the checkpoints themselves. Note that @code{OUT} files are only used for @code{CP_RESTORE} checkpoints.
   
   @subsection Using Transaction Processing
   
   To use transactions in FreeM, you need to be familiar with three commands:
   
   @itemize @bullet
   @item
   @code{TSTART}
   @item
   @code{TCOMMIT}
   @item
   @code{TROLLBACK}
   @end itemize
   
   With transaction processing, global variable operations occurring between @code{TSTART} and @code{TCOMMIT} commands will be contained within the transaction.
   
   The atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability facets of FreeM transaction hinge on the transaction mode.
   
   @subsubsection BATCH Transactions
   @code{BATCH} transactions offer higher performance, and allow other applications aside from the one doing the transaction to continue normal operations until the transaction is committed with @code{TCOMMIT}. In batch mode, other processes are only locked out of normal operation during the commit phase of the transaction.
   
   The effect of this is that the operations within the batch transaction will not be interleaved with global writes from other applications, but the entire lifetime of the transaction is not guaranteed to be serialized with respect to the transaction processing activities of other running applications in the environment.
   
   @subsubsection SERIAL Transactions
   @code{SERIAL} transactions offer full ACID compliance at the expense of multiprocessing performance. In serial mode, a @code{TSTART} blocks all activity from all other FreeM processes in the environment, and this blocking effect is not released until the transaction is committed with @code{TCOMMIT} or rolled back with @code{TROLLBACK} (or due to abnormal conditions in the environment that preclude the successful completion of the transaction).
   
 @node Local Variables  @node Local Variables
 @chapter Local Variables  @chapter Local Variables
 @cindex variables, local  @cindex variables, local
Line 4490  See @ref{Classes}. Line 4645  See @ref{Classes}.
 * Inheritance::                     Basing one class upon another.  * Inheritance::                     Basing one class upon another.
 * Methods::                         Attaching code to a class.  * Methods::                         Attaching code to a class.
 * Public and Private Variables::    Managing class member access.  * Public and Private Variables::    Managing class member access.
   * Instantiating Objects::           Creating instances of classes.
   * Determining Object Class::        Getting object information at runtime.
 @end menu  @end menu
   
 @node Classes  @node Classes
Line 4584  MYMETHOD(THIS) ; Line 4741  MYMETHOD(THIS) ;
   Q "VALUE"    Q "VALUE"
 @end example  @end example
   
   The dot operator is used to invoke class methods:
   
   @example
   DEFAULT.USER> N MYOBJ=$#^%MYCLASS("")
   DEFAULT.USER> W MYOBJ.MYMETHOD()
   VALUE
   @end example
   
 @node Public and Private Variables   @node Public and Private Variables 
 @section Public and Private Variables  @section Public and Private Variables
   
 FreeM supports private fields with the @code{:PRIVATE} specifier in the @code{SET} command, enforcing classical object-oriented data encapsulation. The code{:PUBLIC} specifier is provided for completeness, and is the default.  FreeM supports private fields with the @code{:PRIVATE} specifier in the @code{SET} command, enforcing classical object-oriented data encapsulation. The @code{:PUBLIC} specifier is provided for completeness, and is the default.
   
 The below constructor for a @code{FRACTION} class defines two private fields:  The below constructor for a @code{FRACTION} class defines two private fields:
   
Line 4607  Either of the following commands will cr Line 4772  Either of the following commands will cr
   
 Attempting to access private fields from outside of the class will raise error condition @code{ZOBJFLDACCV}.   Attempting to access private fields from outside of the class will raise error condition @code{ZOBJFLDACCV}. 
   
   @node Instantiating Objects
   @section Instantiating Objects
   
   To instantiate an object (i.e., create an object from a certain class), you will use the @code{NEW} command as follows:
   
   @example
   NEW MYSTR=$#^%STRING("myString")
   @end example
   
   This will create a local variable called MYSTR of type STRING, and initialize it with the value myString. 
   
   @node Determining Object Class
   @section Determining Object Class
   
   To determine the class of any FreeM local variable, you will use the @code{$$TYPE()} method:
   
   @example
   USER> W MYSTR.$$TYPE()
   ^%STRING
   @end example
   
   The @code{$$TYPE()} method is a member of the @code{OBJECT} class. 
   
 @node Libraries  @node Libraries
 @chapter Libraries  @chapter Libraries
 @cindex libraries  @cindex libraries
Line 4713  To remove the above mapping, any of the Line 4901  To remove the above mapping, any of the
   KILL ^$SYSTEM("MAPPINGS","GLOBAL","^FOO")    KILL ^$SYSTEM("MAPPINGS","GLOBAL","^FOO")
 @end example  @end example
   
 @node Transaction Processing  
 @chapter Transaction Processing  
 @cindex transaction processing  
   
 FreeM implements a significant subset of the transaction processing features from @emph{ANSI X11.1-1995}. This allows a series of global operations to be conducted all at once, either in batch mode (where concurrency is not disturbed), or in serial mode (where writes are guaranteed to be atomic, consistent, isolated, and durable).  
   
 @section Theory of Operation  
   
 FreeM uses a pessimistic concurrency control mechanism for @code{SERIAL} transactions, meaning that any @code{TSTART} command that includes the @code{SERIAL} transaction parameter will cause the process to acquire the transaction processing mutex, which prevents any process but the one holding the mutex from performing any data access (read or write) until either @code{TCOMMIT} or @code{TROLLBACK} is called, either committing or rolling back the transaction, respectively.  
   
 Any transaction in between its @code{TSTART} and @code{TCOMMIT}/@code{TROLLBACK} is said to be @emph{in-flight}. During the in-flight stage, pending global operations are held only in memory and after-image journals.  
   
 FreeM maintains a list of all globals affected during a transaction in-flight. When a @code{TCOMMIT} is reached, FreeM will generate a @emph{checkpoint} of each global data file to be changed by the transaction. These checkpoints allow all FreeM globals to be restored to their pre-transaction state if a @code{TCOMMIT} should fail part of the way through its operation.   
   
 Checkpoints can have one of two modes:  
   
 @table @asis  
   
 @item @code{CP_REMOVE}  
 Used for globals that did not exist prior to the beginning of this transaction. Simply marks the entire global data file for deletion in case of @code{TCOMMIT} failure.  
   
 @item @code{CP_RESTORE}  
 Used for globals that @emph{did} exist prior to the beginning of this transaction. In this case, the entire global data file is copied to a new file with a @code{.chk} extension. In cases of @code{TCOMMIT} failure, @code{CP_RESTORE} checkpoint files will be restored over the partially-modified live data file.  
   
 @end table  
   
 The below example shows a few global operations and checkpoints for a transaction in-flight using the @code{trantab} direct-mode command:  
   
 @verbatim  
 TL1:DEFAULT.USER> trantab  
  $TLEVEL 1*  
   Operations for Transaction ID: 6ea14aad-b8f1-47f9-9f52-4f513f892bc0 [RESTARTABLE SERIAL]  
   
    OP. NO.   ACTION         KEY/DATA  
    -------   ------         --------  
    1         SET            ^FOO=3  
    2         KILL           ^FOO  
    3         SET            ^snw=10  
    4         SET            ^BRANDNEW=6  
   
   Global checkpoints:  
   
    GLOBAL                        MODE                FILES  
    ------                        ----                -----  
    ^BRANDNEW                     CP_REMOVE           IN:   /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^BRANDNEW  
    ^snw                          CP_RESTORE          IN:   /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^snw  
                                                      OUT:  /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^snw.23390.1.chk  
    ^FOO                          CP_RESTORE          IN:   /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^FOO  
                                                      OUT:  /usr/local/var/freem/USER/globals/^FOO.23390.1.chk  
 @end verbatim  
   
 In the above example, @code{IN} files are the live data file that will be overwritten or removed, and @code{OUT} files are the checkpoints themselves. Note that @code{OUT} files are only used for @code{CP_RESTORE} checkpoints.  
   
   
 @node Asynchronous Event Handling  @node Asynchronous Event Handling
Removed from v.1.29  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.31

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